Monthly Archives: September 2025

Things to note(Traders&Investors): 16 Sept 2025 Tues ,@8.20AM Clone

  • Nik, Dj, Vix
  • Oil,  Gold, Bonds, Dollar,
  • Nifty:25069.2/-44.8/-0.18%;Candle:OF;Short day red; Bank Nifty:54887.85/-78.55/-0.14% Candle:OF;Doji ; HB:OF;Doji;966
  • Analysis Trend(5Day):Nifty: ; BNF: , HB: ;RL; ;Iny: ;SenX; ;
  • Nifty :Supp Rest
  • Banknifty:Supp Rest .
  • Gift Nifty:%     FII Long12%FutCash;-1269;Opt74%
  • OI data Nifty  ( max pain WM)
  • OI data Bank Nifty (max pain W M)
  • News:
  • Events/Results:
  • Stocks added to F&O ban: Angel One
  • Stocks retained in F&O ban: HFCL, Oracle Financial Services Software, RBL Bank
  • Stocks removed from F&O ban: Nil
  • Market wrap up(DWM,T,N,E):The Nifty 50 snapped its eight-day winning streak on September 15, closing 0.2 percent lower after trading within the previous day’s range. This appears to be a pause amid caution ahead of the FOMC interest rate decision due on Wednesday. However, the overall trend remains favourable for bulls as long as the index holds the 25,000–24,800 support zone. Technical and momentum indicators are still supportive of the ongoing uptrend. On the higher side, 25,150 is expected to be the immediate key hurdle. A decisive break above this level could open the door for a healthy upward move, according to experts. The Nifty 50 formed a bearish candle with minor upper and lower shadows on the daily chart, indicating a rangebound session after failing once again to retest the August high. The index sustained well above all key moving averages, with positive crossovers of the 10-day and 20-day EMAs over the 50-day EMA. The MACD maintained a strong bullish crossover, with further strength visible in the histogram. The RSI tilted downward but continued to hold its positive crossover, closing at 59.01. All of this indicates that the underlying momentum remains positive, and the uptrend is still intact. The Bank Nifty extended its upward trend for the ninth consecutive session, forming a Doji candlestick pattern on the daily timeframe. This suggests indecision among bulls and bears. Notably, the index climbed above the 100-day EMA for the first time since August 25, while also sustaining above the 10-day and 20-day EMAs. The RSI improved to 50.95, maintaining its bullish crossover. The MACD also showed a positive crossover, with continued strengthening of the histogram. All of this indicates improving momentum and trend strength in Bank Nifty.

Things to note(Traders&Investors): 15 Sept 2025 Mon ,@8.20AM Clone

  • Nik, Dj, Vix
  • Oil,  Gold, Bonds, Dollar,
  • Nifty:25114/108.5/0.43%;Candle:OGU;Short day green; Bank Nifty:54809.3/139.7/0.26% Candle:OGU;Doji ; HB:OGU;Short day red;967
  • Analysis Trend(5Day):Nifty: ; BNF: , HB: ;RL; ;Iny: ;SenX; ;
  • Nifty :Supp Rest
  • Banknifty:Supp Rest .
  • Gift Nifty:%     FII Long12%FutCash;130;Opt76%
  • OI data Nifty  ( max pain WM)
  • OI data Bank Nifty (max pain W M)
  • News:
  • Events/Results:
  • Stocks added to F&O ban: HFCL
  • Stocks retained in F&O ban: Oracle Financial Services Software, RBL Bank
  • Stocks removed from F&O ban: Nil
  • Market wrap up(DWM,T,N,E):The Nifty 50 continued its upward journey for the eighth consecutive session on September 12, rising 0.4 percent to close at its highest level since July 23 this year. The index has been sustaining well above key moving averages, with short- and medium-term moving averages trending upward. Bullish crossovers in momentum indicators have also supported market sentiment. Hence, as long as the index holds above the 25,000 level, the 25,250–25,550 range could be the next levels to watch. However, if it slips below this mark, the 24,800 level—where the 20-day and 50-day EMAs as well as the midline of the Bollinger Bands converge—could act as a crucial support, according to experts. he Nifty 50 formed a bullish candlestick with both upper and lower shadows after a positive opening, signaling a healthy trend despite volatility. The index is now approaching its August high, a key level that could help negate the lower highs–lower lows structure. Notably, the 20-day EMA is on the verge of surpassing the 50-day EMA, and the 10-day EMA is already positioned above both the 20- and 50-day EMAs, while the RSI climbed to 61, indicating strength, supported by a strong bullish crossover. The MACD remained above the zero line, with further positive trend visible in the histogram. All of these indicators point toward continued bullish momentum. The Bank Nifty formed a Doji-like candlestick pattern on the daily timeframe, indicating indecision among bulls and bears. Still, the index managed to sustain above its 10- and 20-day EMAs, and even touched the 100-day EMA intraday on Friday. The RSI maintained its positive crossover, rising to 49.68. The MACD continued to exhibit a bullish crossover, though still below the zero line, with further strength in the histogram. These signals indicate potential consolidation with a positive bias, as bulls and bears remain in a temporary standoff.

Things to note(Traders&Investors): 12 Sept 2025 Fri ,@8.20AM Clone

  • Nik, Dj, Vix
  • Oil,  Gold, Bonds, Dollar,
  • Nifty:25005.5/32.4/0.13%;Candle:OGU;Short day green; Bank Nifty:54669.6/133.6/0.24% Candle:OGD;Doji’ ; HB:OGD;Doji;966.5
  • Analysis Trend(5Day):Nifty: ; BNF: , HB: ;RL; ;Iny: ;SenX; ;
  • Nifty :Supp Rest
  • Banknifty:Supp Rest .
  • Gift Nifty:%     FII Long11%FutCash;-3472;Opt71%
  • OI data Nifty  ( max pain WM)
  • OI data Bank Nifty (max pain W M)
  • News:
  • Events/Results:
  • Stocks added to F&O ban: Oracle Financial Services Software
  • Stocks retained in F&O ban: RBL Bank
  • Stocks removed from F&O ban: Nil
  • Market wrap up(DWM,T,N,E):The Nifty 50’s seven-day winning streak helped the index close above the 25,000 mark for the first time in the last three weeks, while also defending the previous day’s low of 24,900 on September 11. The breakout above the falling resistance trendline, bullish crossover in momentum indicators, and rising short-term moving averages all signal a positive trend ahead. According to experts, sustaining above the 25,000 level in upcoming sessions is crucial for an uptrend toward the immediate hurdle at the 25,200–25,250 zone, followed by 25,500. On the downside, the immediate key support is placed at 24,900–24,800 levels. The Nifty 50 formed a bullish candle with a minor upper shadow within the previous day’s range on the daily charts, indicating positive bias amid rangebound trading. The 10-day EMA has crossed above both the 20-day and 50-day EMAs, with an expansion in the upper Bollinger Bands. The Relative Strength Index (RSI) climbed to 57.79 with a positive crossover. The MACD showed a bullish crossover, rising above the red signal line, while the histogram gained strength. All these indicators point toward continued bullish momentum. The Bank Nifty also formed a bullish candle with a minor upper shadow on the daily timeframe and surpassed the 20-day EMA, signaling growing strength. The index continued to hold above the 10-day EMA, which remains in an upward trend. The RSI rose further to 47.42 with a positive crossover. The MACD maintained a bullish crossover, although it remains below the zero line, while the histogram showed further gains. Together, these developments indicate a strengthening trend in the Bank Nifty.

Things to note(Traders&Investors): 11Sept 2025 Thurs ,@8.20AM Clone

  • Nik, Dj, Vix
  • Oil,  Gold, Bonds, Dollar,
  • Nifty:24953.3/104.3/0.42%;Candle:OGU;; Bank Nifty:54536/319.9/0.59% Candle:OGU;Doji ; HB:OGU;Long day red;966
  • Analysis Trend(5Day):Nifty: ; BNF: , HB: ;RL; ;Iny: ;SenX; ;
  • Nifty :Supp Rest
  • Banknifty:Supp Rest .
  • Gift Nifty:%     FII Long10%FutCash;-116;Opt68%
  • OI data Nifty  ( max pain WM)
  • OI data Bank Nifty (max pain W M)
  • News:
  • Events/Results:
  • Stocks added to F&O ban: Nil
  • Stocks retained in F&O ban: RBL Bank
  • Stocks removed from F&O ban: Nil
  • Market wrap up(DWM,T,N,E):Bulls continued their support to the market for the sixth straight day, taking the Nifty 50 above 25,000 intraday on September 10. The index advanced 105 points and closed at a more than two-week high, trading firmly above all key moving averages, with further strength observed in momentum indicators and oscillators. If the Nifty 50 decisively closes above 25,000, the lower high–lower low formation will be negated, and a rally toward 25,150–25,250 cannot be ruled out. However, on the downside, 24,900–24,800 is expected to act as immediate key support, according to experts. The Nifty 50 formed a Doji or high wave-like candlestick pattern on the daily charts, indicating a tug of war between bulls and bears. It closed at the falling resistance trendline, a breakout above which could drive another leg of the upmove. The RSI climbed further to 56.81 with a positive crossover, while the MACD, with a bullish crossover, inched closer to the zero line and the histogram gained more strength. All of this indicates a potential continuation of bullish momentum. The Bank Nifty formed a Doji candlestick pattern on the daily timeframe, indicating indecision between bulls and bears. The index traded above the 5-day and 10-day EMAs but could not sustain above the 20-day EMA and the midline of the Bollinger Bands — levels that need to be reclaimed for a further upward trend. The RSI maintained its bullish crossover, rising to 45.24, while the MACD gave a positive crossover, though it remained below the zero line. The histogram also turned positive. All of this indicates emerging bullish signals, though confirmation is still awaited.

Things to note(Traders&Investors):10 Sept 2025 Wed ,@8.20AM Clone

  • Nik, Dj, Vix
  • Oil,  Gold, Bonds, Dollar,
  • Nifty:24868.8/95.45/0.39%;Candle:OGU;Doji; Bank Nifty:54216.1/29.2/0.05% Candle:OGU; Doji; HB:OGU;Long day red;967
  • Analysis Trend(5Day):Nifty: ; BNF: , HB: ;RL; ;Iny: ;SenX; ;
  • Nifty :Supp Rest
  • Banknifty:Supp Rest .
  • Gift Nifty:%     FII Long%FutCash;;Opt%
  • OI data Nifty  ( max pain WM)
  • OI data Bank Nifty (max pain W M)
  • News:
  • Events/Results:
  • Stocks added to F&O ban: Nil
  • Stocks retained in F&O ban: RBL Bank
  • Stocks removed from F&O ban: Nil
  • Market wrap up(DWM,T,N,E):The Nifty 50 recorded 95-point gains on September 9, with bulls supporting the market for five consecutive sessions and pushing the index above the 50-day EMA. With this, the index is now trading above all key moving averages, along with bullish crossovers in momentum indicators, signaling a positive bias. Hence, the benchmark index is expected to march toward the psychological 25,000 mark in the upcoming sessions, despite possible intermittent consolidation — provided the 24,700 support level holds. If this level is breached, 24,500 could act as a crucial support, according to experts. The Nifty 50 formed a Doji-like candlestick pattern on the daily charts, indicating indecision among bulls and bears. The index has surpassed all key moving averages and the midline of the Bollinger Bands due to the five-day rally. The RSI inched up to 53.55 with a positive crossover. The MACD sustained a bullish crossover, with the histogram gaining further strength. All these signals point toward continued bullish momentum. The Bank Nifty formed a small bearish candlestick with a lower shadow within the previous day’s trading range on the daily timeframe, indicating range-bound trading. The index, which has been consolidating for the fourth day in a row, continues to trade below the 20-day, 50-day, and 100-day EMAs, as well as the midline of the Bollinger Bands, signaling that bears remain in a stronger position. The RSI climbed to 39.68, sustaining a positive crossover. The MACD is on the verge of a bullish crossover, though still below the zero line. The MACD histogram remains below the zero line. All these indicators suggest ongoing weakness, but with potential for a near-term reversal if bullish signals strengthen.

Things to note(Traders&Investors): 9Sept 2025 Tues ,@8.20AM Clone

  • Nik, Dj, Vix
  • Oil,  Gold, Bonds, Dollar,
  • Nifty:24773.15/32.15/0.13%;Candle:OGU;Doji; Bank Nifty:54186.9/72.35/0.13% Candle:OGU;Doji ; HB:OF;Doji;967
  • Analysis Trend(5Day):Nifty: ; BNF: , HB: ;RL; ;Iny: ;SenX; ;
  • Nifty :Supp Rest
  • Banknifty:Supp Rest .
  • Gift Nifty:%     FII Long8%FutCash;-2170;Opt78%
  • OI data Nifty  ( max pain WM)
  • OI data Bank Nifty (max pain W M)
  • News:
  • Events/Results:
  • Stocks added to F&O ban: Nil
  • Stocks retained in F&O ban: RBL Bank
  • Stocks removed from F&O ban: Nil
  • Market wrap up(DWM,T,N,E):The Nifty 50 extended its upward journey for the fourth consecutive session, closing 32 points higher on September 8, after erasing 112 points from the day’s high due to profit booking. Despite the gains, the index lacked strong momentum and remained rangebound, with stiff upper resistance at 24,900–25,000 and immediate support at 24,700. For a decisive upmove toward 25,000, the index needs to clear 24,800 (which is near the 50-day EMA). Until then, consolidation is likely to persist. A close below 24,700 could open the door for a decline toward 24,500, experts said. The Nifty 50 formed a small bearish candle with a long upper shadow on the daily chart, reflecting selling pressure at higher levels amid rangebound trading. Despite this, the index managed to sustain above the 10-, 20-, and 100-day EMAs, as well as the midline of the Bollinger Bands—a positive sign. The RSI climbed to 50.39, showing a bullish crossover. The MACD maintained its positive crossover, with further strengthening in the histogram. Together, these signal underlying bullish sentiment, though not yet accompanied by a strong directional breakout. The Bank Nifty formed a Doji-like candlestick pattern on the daily chart, following a failed attempt to sustain above the previous week’s high—a sign of indecision between bulls and bears. Technically, the index continues to trade below key moving averages: the 10-, 20-, 50-, and 100-day EMAs, and the midline of the Bollinger Bands. The MACD remains in a bearish crossover, with the histogram below the zero line. The RSI stands at 39.16, but has given a positive crossover, suggesting a mild improvement in momentum. Overall, the setup reflects short-term uncertainty but a potential base formation above the 200-day EMA.

Things to note(Traders&Investors):8 Sept 2025 Mon ,@8.20AM Clone

  • Nik, Dj, Vix
  • Oil,  Gold, Bonds, Dollar,
  • Nifty:24757.1/6.7/0.03%;Candle:OGU;Small day red; Bank Nifty:54114.55/39.1/0.07% Candle:OGU;Red Hammer ; HB:OGU;Red Hammer;962.6;
  • Analysis Trend(5Day):Nifty: ; BNF: , HB: ;RL; ;Iny: ;SenX; ;
  • Nifty :Supp Rest
  • Banknifty:Supp Rest .
  • Gift Nifty:%     FII Long7%FutCash;-1305;Opt72%
  • OI data Nifty  ( max pain WM)
  • OI data Bank Nifty (max pain W M)
  • News:
  • Events/Results:
  • Stocks added to F&O ban: Nil
  • Stocks retained in F&O ban: RBL Bank
  • Stocks removed from F&O ban: Nil
  • Market wrap up(DWM,T,N,E):The Nifty 50 closed its rangebound session flat with a positive bias on September 5, after buying interest emerged at lower levels. Following its recent recovery from 24,400, the index attempted to reach 25,000 on Thursday, but the effort fell short. In the upcoming sessions, the index is expected to remain rangebound between 24,500 and 25,000. A breakdown below this range could lead to a test of the key support zone at 24,400–24,300. On the other hand, a decisive breakout above 25,000 could open the door for a rally toward the 25,200–25,250 levels, according to experts. The Nifty 50 formed a bearish candlestick with a long lower shadow on the daily timeframe, indicating underlying bearishness but also buying interest at lower levels. The index closed slightly above the 20-day EMA as well as the midline of the Bollinger Bands, and managed to defend the 100-day EMA. However, it failed to hold above the 50-day EMA, which remains crucial for any further upward movement. The MACD showed a positive crossover, although it still remains below the zero line, while the histogram continued to gain. The RSI reached 49.31 and sustained a bullish crossover. This suggests a slightly positive bias in momentum but need to start trading above all key moving averages. The Bank Nifty displayed a similar candlestick pattern, closing 0.07 percent higher. The banking index stayed well above the support trendline and the 200-day EMA, but remains well below the midline of the Bollinger Bands as well as the 20-day, 50-day, and 100-day EMAs. These moving averages are critical for any meaningful upmove, and until reclaimed, they continue to signal rangebound action. Both the MACD and RSI continued to show negative crossovers, though the Stochastic RSI maintained a bullish crossover.

Things to note(Traders&Investors): 5Sept 2025 Fri ,@8.20AM Clone

  • Nik, Dj, Vix
  • Oil,  Gold, Bonds, Dollar,
  • Nifty:24748.25/19.25/0.08%;Candle:OGU,Long day red; Bank Nifty:54075.45/7.9/0.01% Candle:OGU;Long day red ; HB:OGU,DOji;1961
  • Analysis Trend(5Day):Nifty: ; BNF: , HB: ;RL; ;Iny: ;SenX; ;
  • Nifty :Supp Rest
  • Banknifty:Supp Rest .
  • Gift Nifty:%     FII Long8%FutCash;-106;Opt68%
  • OI data Nifty  ( max pain WM)
  • OI data Bank Nifty (max pain W M)
  • News:
  • Events/Results:
  • Stocks added to F&O ban: Nil
  • Stocks retained in F&O ban: RBL Bank
  • Stocks removed from F&O ban: Nil
  • Market wrap up(DWM,T,N,E):The Nifty 50 lost nearly 250 points from near 25,000 on profit booking and closed with moderate gains on September 4. The trend is expected to turn stronger if the index sustains above the 20- and 50-day EMAs, as it has already traded above the midline of the Bollinger Bands and the 100-day EMA for another session. During the day, the index managed to defend the 24,700 level, which is expected to act as immediate support. If this level is breached, a fall towards the 24,500–24,400 zone can’t be ruled out. On the higher side, the 25,000 level is likely to be a key decisive zone for any upward movement toward 25,500, according to experts. The Nifty 50 formed a long bearish candle on the daily timeframe, resembling Bearish Belt Hold and Bearish Meeting Line candlestick patterns, both signalling a negative trend. The index also traded below the 50-day EMA and near the 20-day EMA, but continued to hold above the midline of the Bollinger Bands and the 100-day EMA. The RSI stood at 49.09, showing a positive crossover. The MACD also gave a bullish crossover, with the histogram turning positive. The Stochastic RSI sustained its positive crossover. These indicators suggest that while the overall trend appears cautious due to the bearish candlestick patterns, underlying momentum is trying to turn positive. The Bank Nifty also gave up early gains and closed just 8 points higher, forming a bearish candle on the daily chart. The index remained below the 20-, 50-, and 100-day EMAs, but continued to trade well above the 200-day EMA (placed at 53,587). It tested the 38.2% Fibonacci retracement level at 54,400 (measured from the April low to the July high), but failed to sustain above it. The RSI stood at 37.28, remaining below its signal line. The MACD also maintained its negative crossover, with the histogram below the zero line. These indicators reflect ongoing weakness and lack of momentum in the Bank Nifty.

Things to note(Traders&Investors): 4Sept 2025 Thurs ,@8.20AM Clone

  • Nik, Dj, Vix
  • Oil,  Gold, Bonds, Dollar,
  • Nifty:24715.05/135.45/0.55%;Candle:OF;Long day green; Bank Nifty:54067.55/406.55/0.76% Candle:OF;Long day green ; HB:OF;Long day green;954
  • Analysis Trend(5Day):Nifty: ; BNF: , HB: ;RL; ;Iny: ;SenX; ;
  • Nifty :Supp Rest
  • Banknifty:Supp Rest .
  • Gift Nifty:%     FII Long%FutCash;;Opt%
  • OI data Nifty  ( max pain WM)
  • OI data Bank Nifty (max pain W M)
  • News:
  • Events/Results:
  • Stocks added to F&O ban: RBL Bank
  • Stocks retained in F&O ban: Nil
  • Stocks removed from F&O ban: Nil
  • Market wrap up(DWM,T,N,E):Bulls staged a healthy comeback after a day of bearish action, driving the Nifty 50 higher by 135 points on September 3. However, the index could not surpass the previous day’s high of 24,756, which remains a crucial level for any further upmove. While market sentiment improved, technical and momentum indicators still signal a mixed trend. If the index reclaims and sustains above 24,750, the 24,800 level (coinciding with the 50-day EMA) and 25,000 will be key levels to watch in the upcoming sessions. Conversely, if the index fails to hold above this zone, it could remain in a consolidation phase, with immediate support at 24,500, followed by a crucial support zone in the 24,400–24,300 range, according to experts. The Nifty 50 formed a bullish candle with a lower shadow on the daily chart, accompanied by above-average volumes—indicating a positive trend and buying interest at lower levels. The index’s higher-lows structure was maintained for the third consecutive session. It surpassed the 100-day EMA and the midline of the Bollinger Bands in a single session, but still closed below the 20- and 50-day EMAs. The RSI stands at 48.51 and is on the verge of a bullish crossover, while the Stochastic RSI displayed a positive crossover. However, the MACD continues to remain below both the zero line and the signal line. These mixed signals suggest emerging bullish potential, but a clear trend requires more confirmation. The Bank Nifty remained rangebound despite a strong 407-point rally, forming a long green candle next to the previous day’s red candle on the daily timeframe. However, the broader trend still suggests bearishness, as the index continues to trade below its 20-, 50-, and 100-day EMAs. Notably, the 20-day EMA has fallen below the 100-day EMA, reinforcing the weak technical structure. The index once again tested its upward-sloping trendline support and the 200-day EMA (53,582), but managed to close above both levels. Momentum indicators remain weak. The MACD and its histogram continued to stay below the zero line, while the RSI remained below the signal line at 37.16—indicating lack of strength despite the price recovery.

Things to note(Traders&Investors):3 Sept 2025 Wed,@8.20AM Clone

  • Nik, Dj, Vix
  • Oil,  Gold, Bonds, Dollar,
  • Nifty:24579.6/-45.45/-0.18%;Candle:OGU;Doji;Long day red; Bank Nifty:53661/-341.45/-0.63% Candle:OGU;Long day red ; HB:OGU;Long day red;948
  • Analysis Trend(5Day):Nifty: ; BNF: , HB: ;RL; ;Iny: ;SenX; ;
  • Nifty :Supp Rest
  • Banknifty:Supp Rest .
  • Gift Nifty:%     FII Long8%FutCash;-1159;Opt55%
  • OI data Nifty  ( max pain WM)
  • OI data Bank Nifty (max pain W M)
  • News:
  • Events/Results:
  • Stocks added to F&O ban: Nil
  • Stocks retained in F&O ban: Nil
  • Stocks removed from F&O ban: Nil
  • Market wrap up(DWM,T,N,E):The Nifty 50 failed to hold on to follow-up buying and sustain above the midline of the Bollinger Bands, shedding 176 points from the day’s high and finishing 0.2 percent lower on September 2. While the trend showed slight improvement after the previous day’s rally, rangebound trading is expected to continue in the upcoming sessions until the index climbs back above all key moving averages. The 24,400 is likely to serve as immediate support, with the 24,300–24,250 zone considered a crucial support area. On the higher side, the 24,700–24,800 zone is expected to act as immediate resistance for the benchmark index, followed by 25,000 as a crucial hurdle, according to experts. The Nifty 50 formed a bearish candle with a long upper shadow and a minor lower shadow on the daily timeframe, indicating selling pressure at higher levels (24,700–24,750). Despite the weakness, the higher high–higher low structure was sustained. However, the index could not hold above the 20-day EMA, 100-day EMA, or the midline of the Bollinger Bands on a closing basis. The Relative Strength Index (RSI) stood at 44.36, remained sideways, and retained a negative crossover. The Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD) continued to show a bearish crossover with a weakening histogram. This indicates ongoing weakness and lack of strong momentum, despite structural resilience. The Bank Nifty tested its 200-day EMA intraday and formed a long bearish candle on the daily chart, almost engulfing the previous day’s green candle. The index managed to defend its upward sloping support trendline on a closing basis for another session and also held above the 50% Fibonacci retracement level (53,417) — measured from the April low to July high. However, technical indicators reflect growing weakness. The 20-day EMA has already fallen below the 50-day EMA, and is now on the verge of declining below the 100-day EMA — a bearish signal. The RSI stood at 30.72, indicating oversold conditions but continued weakness. The MACD maintained a bearish crossover, with persistent weakness in the histogram. This indicates prevailing negative momentum and potential for further downside unless key supports hold.